What is Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. This tissue most commonly affects the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining. During each menstrual cycle, this tissue behaves like normal uterine lining — thickening, breaking down, and bleeding — but it has no way to exit the body, leading to pain and inflammation.

Common Symptoms

• Severe menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea)
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Pain during or after intercourse
• Heavy or irregular periods
• Pain during bowel movements or urination
• Infertility or difficulty conceiving

Causes & Risk Factors

While the exact cause is not fully understood, possible factors include:

• Retrograde menstruation
• Hormonal imbalance
• Genetic predisposition
• Immune system disorders
• Early onset of menstruation

Possible Complications

• Ovarian cysts (Endometriomas / “Chocolate cysts”)
• Scar tissue and adhesions
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Fertility issues

Diagnosis

Early diagnosis improves long-term outcomes. Evaluation may include:

• Detailed medical history
• Pelvic examination
• Ultrasound scan
• MRI (if required)
• Diagnostic laparoscopy (gold standard for confirmation)

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on symptoms, age, and fertility goals.

Pain Management

Medications to reduce inflammation and relieve discomfort.

Hormonal Therapy

Birth control pills, hormonal injections, or other medications to suppress endometrial growth.

Laparoscopic Surgery

Minimally invasive surgery to remove endometriotic tissue and adhesions while preserving fertility whenever possible.

Fertility-Focused Treatment

If infertility is a concern, specialized reproductive planning may be recommended.

When to See a Doctor?

• Painful periods affecting work or daily routine
• Difficulty getting pregnant
• Persistent pelvic discomfort
• Heavy or irregular bleeding